Vincent OBANIYI

Communication Officer, Catholic Diocese of Oyo

In our society today, the Catholic faithful are called not only to live by faith but also to act with knowledge and responsibility. While the Gospel guides us in moral truth, the law provides the structure that ensures justice, fairness, and peace among the people. As Christians and citizens, it is our duty to understand the rights and obligations that govern our daily lives, for ignorance of the law is never an excuse. This article serves as a simple and practical companion to help every believer understands essential legal matters in Nigeria while reflecting on their spiritual and moral responsibilities as followers of Christ.

Defamation is one of the most common legal wrongs people commit without realizing its seriousness. It refers to false communication that harms another’s reputation, and it may take the form of libel when written or slander when spoken. To establish a case of defamation, the injured person must prove that the words were indeed defamatory, that they referred to him or her specifically, and that they were published or communicated to at least one other person. Defences against defamation include truth, fair comment, and privilege, especially statements made in court or in legislative proceedings. Remedies for defamation may include injunctions to stop further publication, damages to compensate the victim, or a public apology. As Christians, we must remember that “death and life are in the power of the tongue” (Proverbs 18:21). Our words must always uplift, never destroy.

A similar sense of responsibility applies in landlord and tenant relationships. A peaceful housing relationship rests on mutual respect and clear agreements. The landlord must provide full possession of the property, maintain it in a habitable condition, and respect the tenant’s privacy. In turn, the tenant must pay rent promptly, take care of the property, and use it for lawful purposes. Nigerian law prescribes minimum notice periods before eviction: one week for weekly tenants, one month for monthly tenants, three months for quarterly tenants, and six months for yearly tenants. Both sides must remember Christ’s teaching: “Love your neighbour as yourself” (Matthew 22:39). Fairness and compassion should guide all dealings.

Negligence is another key area of law that touches everyday life. It occurs when someone fails to act with reasonable care, causing harm to another. This could be a driver who ignores traffic rules, a doctor who gives wrong treatment, or an employer who neglects safety standards. The basic elements of negligence are duty of care, breach of that duty, and actual harm caused by the breach. Defences include contributory negligence, voluntary assumption of risk, and illegality. Negligence may not be intentional, but it can cause great harm. As the Scripture says, “Love your neighbour as yourself” (Leviticus 19:18). Being careful, responsible, and alert in our actions is a mark of true Christian love.

Closely related to negligence is nuisance, which arises when someone’s actions interfere with another’s peaceful enjoyment of their property. Examples include loud music, pollution, blocked drainage, or smoke from a generator. Nuisance becomes illegal when it is persistent, unreasonable, and affects health or peace of mind. The law provides remedies such as reporting to authorities or seeking injunctions to stop the disturbance. However, Catholics are encouraged to first seek peaceful dialogue, guided by the teaching: “Be kind and compassionate to one another” (Ephesians 4:32). Respecting others’ peace is part of our call to live in harmony.

In the pursuit of justice, understanding the concept of bail is also essential. Bail protects the right to personal liberty by allowing an accused person to remain free while awaiting trial. It can be granted by the police or the court, except in capital offences. However, it is wrong to pay bribes for bail or to breach bail conditions. Christians must remember that justice and mercy are twin pillars of the Gospel. As the Bible teaches, “Speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves” (Proverbs 31:8–9). Supporting justice with compassion reflects Christ’s example.

Land disputes are another common issue in Nigeria, and they often threaten family unity and community peace. Every land transaction must be properly documented through instruments like a Deed of Assignment, a Certificate of Occupancy, or a Survey Plan. Anyone involved in a dispute should gather all relevant documents, conduct a search at the Land Registry, and consult a qualified property lawyer. In cases involving families or neighbours, mediation is strongly encouraged before resorting to court. Catholics must always seek peace, remembering: “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called children of God” (Matthew 5:9).

Equally important is tax responsibility. A Tax Clearance Certificate (TCC) proves that an individual or business has paid their taxes for the past three years. It is a requirement for contracts, employment, and certain legal transactions. Fulfilling tax obligations supports the nation’s development and promotes accountability. St. Paul’s admonition is clear: “Pay everyone what you owe them—if revenue, then revenue” (Romans 13:7). Paying taxes faithfully is both a civic and Christian duty.

A Power of Attorney (POA) is another legal instrument that gives authority to another person (the agent) to act on one’s behalf (the principal). It may cover property, financial, or medical matters and must always be drafted carefully, with trustworthy individuals chosen as agents. It is important to remember that granting a power of attorney does not transfer ownership; it simply delegates responsibility. As Proverbs 11:14 teaches, “Where there is no guidance, a people falls, but in an abundance of counsellors there is safety.” Prudence and discernment are necessary when granting legal authority.

Contracts are a part of everyday life—from buying and selling to employment and partnerships—but they must be approached with care. A valid contract requires an offer, acceptance, consideration (something of value), capacity (legal competence), and intention to create legal relations. Without these, an agreement is invalid. Before signing any contract, read it thoroughly, clarify terms, and seek legal advice. Honesty and transparency in agreements reflect the Christian virtue of integrity. Every faithful Catholic should remember that keeping one’s word is not only a legal duty but also a moral one.

Fake lawyers also pose a growing danger in our society. A true lawyer must be trained, called to the Bar, and enrolled with the Supreme Court of Nigeria. Impersonating a lawyer is a criminal offence under the Legal Practitioners Act. To avoid fraud, always verify your lawyer’s credentials through the Nigerian Bar Association’s online directory at www.nigerianbar.org.ng/find-a-lawyer. Supporting or ignoring such impersonation undermines justice. Like Jesus warned, “Whoever causes one of these little ones to sin, it would be better for him to have a millstone tied around his neck” (Matthew 18:6). Truth and honesty must prevail in all matters.

Finally, the Nigerian government’s recent tax reforms aim to simplify and promote fairness in the tax system through digital transparency, fewer levies, and relief for small and medium enterprises. Citizens and businesses alike are encouraged to comply with these reforms, as they contribute to national growth. Tax justice aligns with Catholic social teaching, emphasizing fairness, equity, and the common good.

In conclusion, the law and the Gospel share a common goal: the pursuit of justice, peace, and human dignity. As Catholics, understanding the law helps us live responsibly, defend the truth, and promote the welfare of our neighbours. When we act with integrity in our homes, workplaces, and communities, we reflect Christ’s light in a world that often struggles with darkness. Truly, we are called to be “the salt of the earth and the light of the world” (Matthew 5:13–14). Living by both faith and lawful conduct builds not only a just society but also a witness of holiness in public life.

This article is drawn from the book titled “Legal Guide for Catholic Faithful” by the National Association of Catholic Lawyers, Catholic Archdiocese of Ibadan.

Vincent Obaniyi is a Catholic Media Practitioner, Photographer, and Communications Officer of the Catholic Diocese of Oyo. He is passionate about using the media to promote faith, justice, and responsible citizenship.